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Technological revolution is (in general meaning) a relatively short period in history when one technology (or better a set of technologies) is replaced by another technology (or by the set of technologies). As Nick Bostrom wrote: ''“We might define a technological revolution as a dramatic change brought about relatively quickly by the introduction of some new technology.”'' 〔Bostroam, Nick (2006): ''Technological revolutions: Ethics and Policy in the Dark, Nanoscale: Issues and Perspectives for the Nano Century, eds. Nigel M. de S. Cameron and M. Ellen Mitchell (John Wiley, 2007): pp. 129‐152.'' ()〕 It is an era of an accelerated technological progress characterized not only by new innovations but also their application and diffusion. A difference between technological revolution and technological change〔Derived from Jaffe et al. (2002) ''Environmental Policy and technological Change'' and Schumpeter (1942) ''Capitalism, Socialisme and Democracy'' by Joost.vp on 26 August 2008〕 is not clearly defined. The technological change we could see as an introduction of an individual (single) new technology, while the technological revolution as a period in which ''more'' new technologies are adopted at the almost same time. These new technologies or technological changes are usually interconnected - as 3rd Kranzberg's law of technology says: ''"Technology comes in packages, big and small."''〔Kranzberg, Melvin (1986) Technology and History: "Kranzberg's Laws", ''Technology and Culture'', Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 544-560.〕 ==Description== A new technological revolution should increase a productivity of work, efficiency, etc. It may involve not only material changes but also changes in management, learning, social interactions, financing, methods of research etc. It is not limited strictly to technical aspects. Technological revolution so rewrites the material conditions of human existence and also reshape culture, society and even human nature. It can play a role of a trigger of a chain of various and unpredictable changes.〔Klein, Maury(2008): ''The Technological Revolution, in The Newsletter of Foreign Policy Research Institute, Vol.13, No. 18.'' ()〕 ''"What distinguishes a technological revolution from a random collection of technology systems and justifies conceptualizing it as a revolution are two basic features: ''1. The strong interconnectedness and interdependence of the participating systems in their technologies and markets. ''2. The capacity to transform profoundly the rest of the economy (and eventually society)."''〔Perez, Carlota (2009):''Technological revolutions and techno-economic paradigms.'', in Working Papers in Technology Governance and Economic Dynamics, Working Paper No. 20, (Norway and Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn) ()〕 The consequences of a technological revolution are not exclusively positive - for example, it can have negative environmental impact and cause a temporal unemployment (so called technological unemployment). The concept of technological revolution is based on the idea (not unquestioned) that technological progress is not linear but undulatory. Technological revolution can be: * sectoral (more technological changes in one sector, e.g. Green revolution, Commercial revolution) * universal (interconnected radical changes in more sectors, the universal technological revolution can be seen as a complex of several parallel sectoral technological revolutions, e.g. Second industrial revolution, Renaissance technological revolution etc.) The concept of universal technological revolutions is a key factor in the Neo-Schumpeterian theory of long economic waves/cycles〔for example: Perez, Carlota (2009):''Technological revolutions and techno-economic paradigms.'', in Working Papers in Technology Governance and Economic Dynamics, Working Paper No. 20, (Norway and Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn) ()〕 (Carlota Perez, Tessaleno Devezas, Daniel Šmihula and others). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「technological revolution」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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